Children in territories controlled by the Islamic State across Syria and Iraq have endured severe, multi-layered trauma, with profound effects on their mental health and social well-being. Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) not only alter brain development but also disrupt emotional, behavioral, and cognitive functioning, potentially leading to long-term impairments and, if untreated, the development of anti-social behaviors. The repatriation and reintegration of these children present complex challenges, requiring a coordinated, multidisciplinary response. In this expert briefing, Dr. Heidi Hellis and Dr. Emma Cardeli provide insights into the challenges and strategies associated with repatriation and reintegration efforts. The discussion highlighted the psychological toll on children, particularly the connection between trauma, PTSD, and long-term recovery. Emphasis was placed on the importance of early intervention, community involvement, and individualized approaches to meet the unique needs of children, especially those in vulnerable circumstances.